Clinical Optics Exam Cairo University

 

 

1.      Describe the optical principles of Coherence and its applications in Ophthalmology. 2.      Describe the Optical properties of LASER light and the laser-tissue interactions. 3.      Define Astigmatism, mention its types and methods of correction. 4.      Describe the intraocular lens calculation formulae and mention the special considerations in post-corneal refractive surgery eyes. 5.      Describe the optical principles of Auxiliary lenses for slit lamp fundus examination. 6.      What are the principles and applications of the Placido Disc?

 

7.      In relation to contact lenses, mention: A.    The indications B.     Types and characteristics C.     Calculation of the power D.    Fitting of the contact lenses 8.      Definition and corrections of the following ametropia conditions: A.    Myopia B.     Hyperopia C.     Astigmatism D.    Presbyopia 9.      In relation to Intraocular Lens (IOL) calculations: A.    Mention the formulae B.     How to select the most suitable formula in relation to axial length? C.     Post-corneal refractive IOL calculation D.    Pediatric biometry considerations E.     Biometry in silicone-filled eyes 10.  Mention the optical principles of the three instruments used for examination of the macula in an emmetropic eye. 11.  The optical principles of the following: A.    Operating microscope B.     Angle imaging instruments C.     YAG laser D.    Placido Disc E.     Stenopeic slit

 

12.  Mention the SRK formula, its limitations, and the difference between SRK and SRK II formulae. 13.  Describe the optical principles of the Goldmann Applanation tonometry. 14.  Explain the Scheimpflug principle and its application in corneal imaging. 15.  Explain total internal reflection and its application in ophthalmology. 16.  Describe the different actions of lasers on the human tissue. 17.  Mention two clinically significant higher-order aberrations, mention their order classification and their symptomatology. 18.  Mention the main optical difference between time-domain and spectral-domain OCT. 19.  A patient with a refraction of -5.00 S / -2.00 C axis 90 OD and -6.00 S / -3.00 C axis 100 OS came to you requesting a contact lens prescription. Toric contact lenses are not available. Mention the power of contact lenses that you will prescribe for each eye supported by the formulae used and calculations performed.

 

 

 

 

 

 

20.  Describe the optical principles of Coherence and its applications in Ophthalmology. 21.  Describe the optical properties of LASER light and the laser-tissue interactions. 22.  Define astigmatism, mention its types and methods of correction. 23.  Describe the intraocular lens calculation formulae and mention the special considerations in post-corneal refractive surgery eyes. 24.  Describe the optical principles of auxiliary lenses for slit lamp fundus examination. 25.  What are the principles and applications of the Placido Disc? 26.   A 72-year-old lady presenting with gradual reduction of visual acuity bilaterally. Examination confirmed senile cataracts in otherwise normal eyes. The patient is seeking glasses independence after her surgeries. 27.  Describe the optical principles of the intraocular lenses you will offer her.

 

28.  State the definition of interference. What are the implications of interference on the human eye and ophthalmic devices? 29.  Describe the optical principle of multifocal glasses and intraocular lenses. 30.  Compare the field of view, field of illumination, and magnification between direct and indirect ophthalmoscopes in myopia and hypermetropia. 31.  State the optical principle for each of the following: A.     Fresnel prism B.      Magnifying loupe C.     Back vertex distance D.      32.  A nine-year-old child was referred to clinic because she could not see well through her right eye at school vision screening. Her uncorrected visual acuity was 4/60 in the right eye, 6/6 in the left. Examination revealed normal anterior segment with myopic fundus findings on the right side. Her cycloplegic refraction was: Right eye: -8.50 sph. -2.00 cyl. axis 180 Left eye: +1.00 A.     Discuss options for correction with advantages and disadvantages of each. B.     Describe the optical principle of one test used to assess the binocular status of this patient after correction.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

33.  Define the following terminology: A.      Spherical Aberrations B.      Linear magnification C.      Total internal reflection D.      Reduced schematic eye E.       AC/A ratio F.       Catoptric images G.      Interference H.      Angle kappa I.        Fresnel prism J.        Prentice's rule 34.  In astigmatic lenses, all meridians do not have the same curvature: a. Explain the optical principle of cylindrical and toric lenses b. Describe two ophthalmic tests in which cylindrical lenses are used 35.  State the optical principle for the following: A.      Non-contact lenses used for fundus biomicroscopy B.      Applanation tonometry C.      Astigmatic keratotomy 36.  Define presbyopia. Describe the calculation of presbyopic correction, the optical principle, and types of spectacle lenses used in this condition.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

37.  Define the following terminology: A.      Chromatic Aberrations B.      Spherical equivalent C.      Optotypes D.      Meniscus lens E.       Image jump F.       Diopter G.      Back Vertex Distance (BVD) H.      Diffraction I.        Coma J.        Aspheric lenses 38.  Pachymetry is an integral test in corneal refractive surgery. a. How do we perform pachymetry? Mention the optical principles of the devices used. b. How can we make use of the data obtained?   39.  State the optical principle for the following: a. Antireflection coating b. Fiber-optic light c. Multifocal Intra-Ocular Lenses d. Operating microscope e. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) 40.  Define hypermetropia. How is it classified and measured? Use a simple diagram to illustrate the image of a distant object formed by the eye of a patient with refractive error of +5.00DS / +2.50DC × 180.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

41.  A 20-year-old female with bilateral -5.0 D of myopia asking for refractive surgery. How to assess and prepare? Discuss the optical principles of one of the methods of assessment you'll use with diagrams. 42.  Stereopsis is the highest level of binocular single vision. a. What is meant by stereopsis? b. What are the normal values for stereopsis? c. How would you measure the degree of stereopsis in a 10-year-old boy?   43.  State the optical principle for the following: Specular microscopy Gonioscopy Duochrome test Applanation tonometer OCT 44.  How to calculate the power of the implanted intra-ocular lens? Mention the special considerations in children, and silicone-filled eyes.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

45.  a) What are the types of Astigmatism? b) Discuss the optical principles of its correction by surgical and non-surgical procedures. 53.  a) With diagrams, draw the axes of the eye and explain what is meant by angles Alpha and Kappa. b) What are their clinical significances? 54. a) What is chromatic aberration? b) How can aberrations be minimized in an ophthalmic instrument and in the human eye? 55. a) Define Back Vertex Distance. b) How is it measured? c) How do alterations in BVD affect magnification? d) What is aniseikonia and how can it be minimized? 56. Define and explain with well-labeled diagrams Prentice's position of prisms and Prentice's rule. 57 46.  a) What are Purkinje images and their significance? b) Explain the use of these images in ophthalmic instruments with detailed description of the optical principle of one of them.
	Q58 ·  Draw a diagram to show how an image of the retina is formed and viewed using a slit lamp and 90D lens. ·  Transpose +3.00 / -4.00 × 90 in plus cylinder. ·  Discuss the optical principles of incisional refractive corneal surgery. ·  Discuss the effect of cataract incision size and position on corneal astigmatism. ·  Discuss three clinical applications for prisms in ophthalmology. Q59 ·  What is a gonioscopy lens? ·  Name two instruments that enable the peripheral angle of the anterior chamber to be observed clinically. ·  What are the optical principles involved which allow this observation? ·  Demonstrate these principles with ray diagrams. Q60 ·  What is the approximate spectacle correction of a previously emmetropic eye which is now aphakic? ·  Draw two ray diagrams of an aphakic eye to illustrate the differing image sizes with a contact lens and a spectacle lens. A newly aphakic patient wants to wear contact lenses rather than spectacles:  Rx of specs: +12 at BVD of 10 mm.  What power of contact lens is needed?

 

61.  Analyze bifocals, multifocals, and single vision lenses. What are the advantages of each? 62.  What is meant by the circle of least confusion? Please explain with a diagram. What is its relevance to ophthalmology? 63.  Enumerate different instruments and lenses used for fundus examination. Discuss the optical principles of two of them. 64.  Describe the optical principles used in the following: 65.  Measurement of the angle of deviation in manifest squint 66.  Measurement of the intraocular pressure 67.  Calculation of the power of intraocular lenses

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

	Q 68 A 55-year-old female suffering from rheumatoid arthritis starts complaining of photophobia and blurred fluctuating vision in addition to chronic redness and discharge. Examination reveals deficient Schirmer's test and Tear Break-up Time. She is diagnosed as Dry Eye Syndrome. ·         What are the anatomical structures involved in dry eye? What is their optical role in vision? ·         What is meant by the term refractive index? ·         What is the meaning of the nodal point of the eye? Elaborate your answer with a diagram. Q 69. a. How can the refractive power of the spectacle lens be measured? b. Draw a diagram to illustrate the optical principle of a manual focimeter. Q 70 A presbyopic patient consults you regarding options for correcting his defective near vision with any procedure other than spectacle correction. ·         What is the optical principle of presbyopia? ·         Can you satisfy the request of the patient, and what are the optical principles involved in the corrective procedures that you will choose? Q71 A 5-year-old girl diagnosed as Intermittent Exotropia with primary convergence insufficiency presented to you: ·         Is there a difference between her angles of deviation in far and near? Explain. ·         What is the meaning of convergence insufficiency? How can you measure it? What is the role of refractive errors in this patient, and how could their correction influence the angle of deviation?
Q72 Define the following terminology: ·         Back vertex distance ·         Optotypes ·         Conoid of Sturm Q73 What is meant by spherical aberrations? How can you avoid it when you prescribe glasses? Q74 What are the clinical methods of measuring Accommodative Convergence/Accommodation ratio (AC/A ratio)? Q75 State the optical principle for the following: ·         Autorefractometers ·         Multifocal intraocular lenses Q76 Define aniseikonia. Describe the optical principles of the methods of its correction. Q77 A 65-year-old male patient having bilateral geographic atrophy (dry AMD) affecting the macular area seeing 6/60 in both eyes. Explain the methods of calculating a reading low vision aid.

 

	Q78 Define hypermetropia. How is it classified and measured? Use a simple diagram to illustrate the image of a distant object formed by the eye of a patient with refractive error of +5.00DS / +2.50DC ×180. Q79 Explain the application of the following phenomena in clinical practice: ·         Contrast sensitivity ·         Stereoscopic vision Q80 What is meant by spherical aberrations? How can you avoid it when you prescribe glasses? Q81 What are the clinical methods of measuring Accommodative Convergence / Accommodation ratio (AC/A ratio)? Q82 Convert the following prescriptions to + or - cylinder notation and state the type of astigmatism which is present in each: a. +4.00 / -1.50 × 70 b. +1.25 / -3.00 × 90 c. PL / +1.50 × 45 d. -2.00 / +2.00 × 50 e. -1.75 / -2.00 × 135 83 Explain the optical principle of the Applanation Tonometer.
84. Compare and contrast Galilean and Astronomical telescopes. 85. Define and mention the optical principle (with diagrams whenever possible) of the following:  a. Stereoscopic vision  b. Back vertex power  c. Linear magnification  d. Best form lens  e. Snell's law 86.  What are the optical aberrations that may occur after excimer laser correction of myopia? 87.  A sixteen-year-old boy came to the outpatient clinic complaining of headache, ocular pain, and is very annoyed of seeing running letters when he reads a lot especially at the end of the day. Slit lamp and fundus examinations are unremarkable. Ocular motility is full in all directions of gaze. Cycloplegic refraction is +6.00 D in both eyes. He wears glasses of +2.50 D and his best corrected visual acuity is 6/6 bilaterally.  a. What is the cause of his complaint?  b. Describe the optical principles of the devices used in the diagnosis.  c. What is the impact of the high error of refraction on his condition?